Optimal hybrid renewable energy systems for Ponorogo, East Java: techno-economic and environmental analysis

Abstract

Hybrid renewable energy systems offer a promising solution for addressing electricity demands in regions with limited grid access and increasing environmental concerns. This study focuses on identifying the most suitable configuration of hybrid systems for Ponorogo Regency, East Java, Indonesia, by examining various combinations of photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbines, batteries, and generators that are commonly available in the region. A total of 32 scenarios were developed and simulated using HOMER software, incorporating four PV types, four wind turbines, and two battery models. The role of this research is to evaluate each scenario based on 15 key techno-economic and environmental parameters, including cost of energy (COE), net present cost (NPC), renewable fraction (RF), emissions, and fuel consumption. The results were analyzed using the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) method to rank all alternatives and determine the most balanced option. The scenario combining SunPower E20-327 PV, Eocycle EO10 10 kW wind turbine, and generic 1 kWh lithium-ion battery was identified as the optimal solution, achieving a COE of $0.24/kWh, NPC of $1.64 million, and RF of 55.1%. The article further explores the influence of component variation through sensitivity analysis, particularly changes in capital and diesel prices. Findings highlight that while some configurations are economically favorable or environmentally superior, a comprehensive approach considering all key indicators is necessary to identify the truly optimal hybrid system. These insights can support effective renewable energy planning in similar regions.